About:

• Background: The Fundamental Duties were incorporated in Part IV-A of the Constitution by the Constitution 42nd Amendment Act, 1976, during Emergency under Indira Gandhi’s government. The amendment came at a time when elections stood suspended and civil liberties curbed.
  
  
• How many? Today, there are 11 Fundamental Duties described under Article 51-A, of which 10 were introduced by the 42nd Amendment and the 11th was added by the 86th Amendment in 2002, during Atal Bihari Vajpayee’s government.
  
  
• Status: These are statutory duties, not enforceable by law, but a court may take them into account while adjudicating on a matter.
  
  
• Objective: The idea behind their incorporation was to emphasise the obligation of the citizen in exchange for the Fundamental Rights that he or she enjoys.
  
  
• The concept of Fundamental Duties is taken from the Constitution of Russia.
  
  

The 11 Fundamental Duties are:

1. To abide by the constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem
   
   
2. To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom
   
   
3. To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India — it is one of the preeminent national obligations of all the citizens of India.
   
   
4. To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so
   
   
5. To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women
   
   
6. To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture — our cultural heritage is one of the noblest and richest, it is also part of the heritage of the Earth
   
   
7. To protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wild life and to have compassion for living creatures
   
   
8. To develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform
   
   
9. To safeguard public property and to abjure violence
   
   
10. To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement
    
    
11. Who is a parent or guardian to provide opportunities for education to his child or, as the case may be, ward between the age of six and fourteen years.