About D. Ering Memorial Wildlife Sanctuary:
- It is situated in the East Siang district ofArunachal Pradesh.
- It was established in 1976.
- It was previously known as Lali Wildlife Sanctuary after the declaration of Lali Reserve Forest as a sanctuary. It was renamed as D`Ering in 1986.
- It has a tropical climate and receives rainfall from both north-east and south-west monsoons.
- The Siang River flows through the sanctuary, which is one of the major rivers in Arunachal Pradesh.
- Flora:
- It mainly comprises riverine plains.
- Thatch and grasses constitute a major portion of the sanctuary.
- It also hosts scattered patches of trees like Termenelia myriocarpa, Dillenia indica, Albizia spp., Bombax ceiba and others.
- Fauna:
- It hosts a variety of fauna like Hog Deer, Wild Pig, Tiger and Elephant.
- More than 150 species of birds are the inhabitants of the sanctuary, including the endangered ones like White-Winged Wood Duck and Bengal Florican.
2. Pandupol Hanuman Temple
About Pandupol Hanuman Temple:
- It is a revered 5000-year-old shrine located within the lush expanse of the Sariska Tiger Reserve in Alwar, Rajasthan.
- The history of the Pandupol Hanuman Temple is deeply intertwined with Hindu mythology.
- It is believed that during the period of the Mahabharata, the Pandavas, along with their wife Draupadi, spent a significant amount of time in exile.
- It is believed that they visited this area, then known as Viratnagar, during their exile years.
- It is believed that it is the place where Bhima had an encounter with Lord Hanuman.
- The temple's name, "Pandupol," is derived from the word "Pandava," signifying its connection to this legendary narrative.
- The term "Hanuman" in the temple's name is in honor of Lord Hanuman.
- The temple's primary attraction is the reclining statue of Lord Hanuman, which was established here by the Pandavas.
Key Facts about Sariska Tiger Reserve:
- It is located in Rajasthan.
- It is well nestled in the Aravali Hills, covering an area of 800 sq km.
- It was once a hunting ground of the Maharaja of Alwar before being proclaimed a natural reserve in 1955 and a national park in 1979.
- It is the first reserve in the world to successfully relocate tigers.
- It is also famous for old temples, palaces, and lakes such as Pandu Pol, Bhangarh Fort, Ajabgarh, Pratapgarh,Siliserh Lake and Jaisamand Lake.
- Vegetation: Its vegetation corresponds to Northern Tropical Dry Deciduous Forestsand Northern Tropical Thorn Forest.
- Flora: It is covered with dhok trees.Other species found here include salar, kadaya, gol, ber, banyan, gugal, bamboo, kair, adusta, etc.
- Fauna: A variety of other wild animals, like the leopard, sambhar, chital, nilgai, four-horned antelope, wild boar etc are found in the reserve apart from the tiger.
3. What is the Dark Eagle Anti-Missile System?
About Dark Eagle Anti-Missile System:
- It is a long-range hypersonic anti-missile system developed by the United States of America, which is capable of intercepting enemy missiles in mid-air.
- It is capable of stopping ballistic, cruise, hypersonic missiles and warheads.
- It has an operational range estimated at over 2,775 kilometers (1,724 miles), enabling it to strike targets deep within adversary territory.
- The system’s ballistic missile features two stages, one of which includes a hypersonic glide warhead (C-HGB) capable of reaching extreme speeds of Mach 17, making interception particularly difficult.
- With a C-HGB warhead capable of reaching speeds between 3000 and 3700 meters per second at altitudes below 50 km, this missile is designed to challenge and potentially surpass the capabilities of Russia’s S-300V4, S-400, and S-500 air defense systems.
4. Key Facts about Chakki River
About Chakki River:
- It is one of the tributaries of the Beas River.
- It flows through Himachal Pradesh and Punjab and merges with the Beas near Pathankot, Punjab.
- It is fed by snow and rain in the Dhauladhar mountains.
- Unregulated sand mining has been a major ecological issue, degrading its riverbed and banks.
Key Facts about Beas River:
- It flows through Himachal Pradesh and Punjab.
- It is one of the five rivers that give Punjab (“Five Rivers”) its name.
- The river was also known as Arjiki or Vipas to the ancient Indians and the Hyphasis to the Ancient Greeks.
- Course:
- Origin: It originates in the Rohtang Pass of the Himalayas in central Himachal Pradesh.
- It flows for a length of 290 miles (470 km) before uniting with the Sutlej River at Harike Pattan south of Amritsar in Punjab.
- Finally, the river drains its water into the Arabian Sea.
- Major Tributaries: The major tributaries of the Beas River are Bain, Banganga, Luni, and Uhal, along with Banner, Chakki, Gaj, Harla, Mamuni, Parvati, Patlikuhlal, Sainj, Suketi, and Tirthan.
- It forms the world famous valleys of Kullu and Kangra.
5. Malayan Night Heron
About Malayan Night Heron:
- It is also known as the Malaysian night heron and tiger bittern.
- It is a medium-sized and nocturnal
- Appearance: It is identified by its rufous neck, barred chestnut back, black cap with crest and white tipped primaries.
- Habitat: It occurs in dense subtropical forests ranging from the low wetlands, where it uses streams, marshes, and swamps, to moderate elevations, where it uses evergreen forests, secondary scrub and reservoirs as its
- Distribution: It is mainly found in India, South East Asia, Philippines and the East Indies. It is native to Myanmar, Thailand and Malaysia and migrates to India during winter.
- It primarily traverses northern Tamil Nadu and is typically seen in Kerala and Karnataka.
- Diet: It feeds particularly on earthworks and beetles.
- Conservation status
- IUCN: Least concern
6. IndiaAI Future Skills Platform
About IndiaAI Future Skills Platform:
- It is one of the seven foundational pillars of the IndiaAI Mission.
- It aims to enhance India’s AI workforce readiness by mitigating barriers to entry in AI programs and advancing the AI talent pipeline.
- It will increase AI courses in undergraduate, postgraduate, and Ph.D. programs.
- It further aims to foster inclusive access to AI education by establishing Data and AI Labs in Tier 2 and Tier 3 cities across India to impart foundational level courses.
- It is developed in collaboration with industry partners, to provide cutting-edge training programs tailored to meet evolving industry demands.
- Under this initiative, AI Data Labs are being established in cities such as Gorakhpur, Lucknow, Shimla, Aurangabad, Patna, Buxar and Muzaffarpur. This move aims to spread technological advancements across the country, ensuring they are not limited to urban hubs.
What is IndiaAI Mission?
- It aims to build a comprehensive ecosystem that fosters AI innovation by democratizing computing access, enhancing data quality, developing indigenous AI capabilities, attracting top AI talent, enabling industry collaboration, providing startup risk capital, ensuring socially impactful AI projects and promoting ethical AI.
7. Manganese
About Manganese:
- Manganese is the fifth-most abundant metal on earth that exists in the form of oxides, carbonates and silicates.
- It is present in water, soil and rock as a naturally occurring component.
- Properties
- It is too brittle to be of much use as a pure metal. It is mainly used in alloys, such as steel.
- Its minerals are widely distributed, with pyrolusite (manganese dioxide) and rhodochrosite (manganese carbonate) being the most common.
- It somewhat resembles iron in general chemical activity.
- It oxidizes superficially in airand rusts in moist air.
- It is obtained by reducing the oxide with sodium, magnesium or aluminium, or by the electrolysis of manganese sulfate.
- Its ores are primarily found in Australia, South Africa, China, Gabon and Brazil.
- It is essential for the growth of plants and is also involved in the assimilation of nitrates in plants and algae.
- Biological role:
- It is an ‘essential trace element’ which plays a vital role in maintaining body homeostasis but can cause severe toxicity if consumed in excess.
- It is an essential element in all known living organisms. Many types of enzymes contain manganese.
8. Shortfin mako shark
About Shortfin mako shark:
- It is a large predatory and highly migratory shark species that lives in the open ocean.
- The shortfin mako’s common name is derived from the Maori term mako, which translated means “shark”.
- It is known for its incredible leaping ability and can be observed jumping to extreme heights (out of the water) when hunting.
- Appearance: It is hydrodynamically efficient with a pointed snout, triangular dorsal fin with a large and a crescent-shaped caudal (tail) fin.
- It is a yolk-sac ovoviviparous shark giving birth to live young. Developing embryos feed on unfertilized eggs (oophagy) within the uterus during the 15- to 18-month gestation period.
- Diet: It feeds mainly upon cephalopods and bony fish including mackerels and tunas.
- Habitat: It is found across all temperate and tropical ocean waters.
- It can also be found near the coast where the continental shelf is short.
- Conservation status
- IUCN: Critically endangered
- CITES: Appendix II
9. Athlete Biological Passport
About Athlete Biological Passport (ABP):
- It is an advanced anti-doping tool that monitors an athlete's biological markers over time.
- By analyzing variations in parameters such as blood and steroid profiles, the ABP helps to ensure fair play in sports and to protect clean athletes.
- It works against doping through enhanced target testing and analysis, investigations, deterrence and as indirect evidence for use of prohibited methods or substances.
- It can be used to conduct targeted, conventional anti-doping tests on athletes with abnormal profiles.
- It can also be used as corroborating evidence of doping during an anti-doping rule violation case.
- Currently three modules were implemented in ABP program:
- Haematological Module: It collects information on markers of blood doping. It aims to identify the use of prohibited substances and/or prohibited methods for the enhancement of oxygen transport or delivery.
- Steroidal Module: It collects information on markers of steroid doping measured in urine and/or serum s It aims to identify Endogenous Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (EAAS) when administered exogenously.
- Endocrine Module: It collects information on markers of human growth hormone (hGH) doping as well as use of hGH analogs.
10. GenCast Model
About GenCast Model:
- It is a new machine-learning weather prediction model.
- It uses a diffusion model approach similar to Artificial Intelligence (AI) image generators.
- The system generates multiple forecasts to capture the complex behaviour of the atmosphere. It does so with a fraction of the time and computing resources required for traditional approaches.
- It is a part of Google’s growing suite of next-generation AI-based weather models.
- It can predict the weather for 15 days in just 8 minutes. The traditional way of predicting weather usually takes hours.
- Working:
- The AI-powered program was trained on four decades of historical data through 2018, taken from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts’ (ECMWF) historical archives.
- The GenCast model makes predictions of several variables such as temperature, pressure, humidity and wind speed at the surface and at 13 different heights, on a grid that divides the world up into 0.25-degree regions of latitude and longitude.
- Significance: It outperforms the current leading system, uses probabilistic ensemble forecasting to predict a range of possible weather scenarios, offering a more comprehensive picture of the upcoming conditions.